![]() ![]() Downing 2007, Plevnik 1993, Rohrbaugh 2010, and Simkins 2000 are good references providing overviews of honor and shame. The undergraduate textbooks Malina 2001 and Pilch 1991 explain how these values are found in the New and Old Testaments, respectively. This article will discuss honor and shame as found in that Mediterranean document known as the Bible, written about Mediterranean people by Mediterraneans.įor the scholar having no familiarity with honor and shame as core cultural values, Augsburger 1986 provides sensitivity to these elements as they are present in all cultures but emphasizes different configurations. Challenge and riposte are strategies for attempting to increase honor with the risk of losing some as well. In cultures where honor and shame are the dominant controls, secrecy, deception, and lying are strategies for defending one’s reputation by seeking to influence the opinions of others. ![]() These controls stand in contrast to guilt, which is an internal control quite independent of the opinions of others. Honor and shame are thus external controls on human behavior that depend upon the opinions of others. Refusing to be concerned about one’s honor is to be shameless. Negative shame is the loss of one’s honor. Positive shame is a concern for maintaining and protecting one’s worth, value, reputation. Honor is a public claim to worth or value and a public acknowledgment of that claim. Because of this, a multidimensional systems model is necessary for studying specific honor and shame cultures. These controls also characterize other small-scale, face-to-face cultures such as Asia and India. This is what anthropologists mean when they identify circum-Mediterranean cultures as characterized by honor and shame controls. Indeed, all three controls exist in each person, group, and culture but in varying degrees and in many different configurations. There is no honor culture, no shame culture, and no guilt culture all cultures contain these three strategies for controlling human behavior but tend to stress one more than the others. Anxiety, shame (along with its correlative, honor), and guilt are three control patterns of human personality that exist in all cultures. ![]()
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